DISCOVERIES (ISSN 2359-7232), 2014, July-September
Anderson LL. Insights into the Nanobiology of Growth Hormone Secretion. Discoveries 2014, Jul-Sep; 2(3): e22. DOI: 10.15190/d.2014.14
Submitted: June 17, 2014; Revised: July 14, 2014; Accepted: September 9, 2014; Published: September 15, 2014;
GO BACK to 2014, July-September issue
GO BACK to DISCOVERIES
Insights into the Nanobiology of Growth Hormone Secretion
Lloyd L. Anderson*
Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3150 USA
*Correspondence to: Dr. Lloyd L. Anderson, Iowa State University, 2356 Kildee Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011-3150, Phone: (515) 294-5540; Fax: (515) 294-4471; E-mail: llanders@iastate.edu
Abstract
The fact that partially empty vesicles are generated following cell secretion suggested that secretory vesicles do not collapse at the cell plasma membrane but, rather, transiently dock and fuse at the plasma membrane to expel a portion of their contents before retracting or undergoing endocytosis into the cell. Such a process has also been referred to in the literature as a “kiss-and-run” mechanism. This mechanism of cell secretion was conclusively demonstrated following the discovery of permanent cup-shaped lipoprotein structures at the cell plasma membrane, called “porosomes”, where secretory vesicles transiently dock and fuse to expel intravesicular contents from the cell. Porosomes are present in all secretory cells, from the digestive enzyme-secreting pancreatic acinar cells, to the hormone-releasing growth hormone cells, mast cells, chromaffin cells, hair cells of the inner ear, to neurons secreting neurotransmitters. Hence, it can be asserted that porosomes are the universal secretory machinery in the plasma membrane of secretory cells. Therefore, the discovery of the porosome has resulted in a paradigm shift in our understanding of cell secretion. Rapid transport of secretory vesicles containing hormones to the plasma membrane is powered by high-energy molecules such as ATP, GTP or NADH. Immunogold labeled transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to determine the total number of secretory vesicles in resting and in GH-stimulated porcine pituitary cells. We identified three categories of vesicles: filled, empty, and partly empty. Resting GH cells contained more than twice as many filled vesicles than did the stimulated ones. However, stimulated cells contained nearly twice as many empty vesicles and 2.5 times more partly empty vesicles than did resting cells. Secretory vesicles in GH cells further revealed the localization of GH only in electron dense vesicles in both resting and stimulated cells. No change in the total number of secretory vesicles following secretion was observed. These results are consistent with a mechanism that, after stimulation of secretion, vesicles transiently dock and fuse at the porosome to establish a fusion pore, through which intravesicular contents are released.
Access full text of the manuscript here: See full text (pdf)
References:
1. Lawson D, Fewtrell C, Gomperts B, Raff MC. Anti-immunoglobulin-induced histamine secretion by rat peritoneal mast cells studied by immunoferritin electron microscopy. J Exp Med 142:391-401, 1975.
2. Plattner H, Artalejo AR, Neher E. Ultrastructural organization of bovine chromaffin cell cortex-analysis by cryofixation and morphometry of aspects pertinent to exocytosis. J Cell Biol 139:1709-1717, 1997.
3. Schneider SW, Sritharan KC, Geibel JP, Oberleithner H, Jena BP. Surface dynamics in living acinar cells imaged by atomic force microscopy: Identification of plasma membrane structures involved in exocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:316-321, 1997.
4. Cho S-J, Kelly M, Rognlien KT, Cho J, Horber JK, Jena BP. SNAREs in opposing bilayers interact in a circular array to form conducting pores. Biophys J 83:2522-2527, 2002.
5. Cho S-J, Quinn AS, Stromer MH, Dash S, Cho J, Taatjes DJ, Jena BP. Structure and dynamics of the fusion pore in live cells. Cell Biol Int 26:35-42, 2002.
6. Cho S-J, Jeftinija K, Glavaski A, Jeftinija S, Jena BP, Anderson LL. Structure and dynamics of the fusion pores in live GH-secreting cells revealed using atomic force microscopy. Endocrinology 143:1144-1148, 2002.
7. Cho S-J, Wakade A, Pappas GD, Jena BP. New structure involved in transient membrane fusion and exocytosis. Ann New York Acad Sci 971:254-256, 2002.
8. Jena BP, Cho S-J, Jeremic A, Stromer MH, Abu-Hamdah R. Structure and composition of the fusion pore. Biophys J 84:1337-1343, 2003.
9. Jeremic A, Kelly M, Cho SJ, Stromer MH, Jena BP. Reconstituted fusion pore. Biophys J 85:2035-2043, 2003.
10. Cho S-J, Cho J, Jena BP. The number of secretory vesicles remains unchanged following exocytosis. Cell Biol Int 26:29-33, 2002.
11. Jena BP. Functional organization of the porosome complex and associated structures. Physiology 24:367-376, 2009.
12. Glavaski-Joksimovic A, Jeftinija K, Jeremic A, Anderson LL, Jeftinija S. Mechanism of action of the growth hormone secretagogue, L-692,585, on isolated porcine somatotropes. J Endocrinol 175:625-636, 2002.
13. Huettner JE, Baughman RW. Primary culture of identified neurons from the visual cortex of postnatal rats. J Neurosci 6:3044-3060, 1986.
14. Jeftinija S, Liu F, Jeftinija K, Urban L. Effect of capsaicin and resiniferatoxin on peptidergic neurons in culturted dorsal root ganglion. Regul Pept 39:123-135, 1992.
15. Parpura V, Basarski T, Liu F, Jeftinija K, Jeftinija S, Haydon P. Glutamate - mediated glia - neuron signaling. Nature 369:744-747,1994.
16. Grynkiewitz G, Poenie M, Tsien RY. A new generation of Ca2+ indicators with greatly improved fluorescence properties. J Biol Chem 260:3440-3450, 1985.
17. Kilic G, Angleson JK, Cochilla AJ, Nussinovitch I, Betz WJ. Sustained stimulation of exocytosis triggers continuous membrane retrieval in rat pituitary somatotrophs. J Physiol 532:771-783, 2001.
18. Majó G, Aguado F, Blasi J, Marsal J. Synaptobrevin isoforms in secretory granules and synaptic-like microvesicles in anterior pituitary cells. Life Sci 62:607-616, 1998.
19. Hickey GJ, Drisko J, Faidley T, Chang C, Anderson LL, Nicolich S et al. Mediation by the central nervous system is critical to the in vivo activity of the GH secretagogue L-692,585. J Endocrinol 148:371-380, 1996.
20. Glavaski A, Jeftinija K, Scanes CG, Anderson LL, Jeftinija S. Stimulatory effect of ghrelin on isolated porcine somatotropes. Neuroendocrinology 77:366-378, 2003.
21. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th ed., Garland Science, New York, 2002.
22. Howard J. The movement of kinesin along microtubules. Annu Rev Physiol 58:703-729, 1996.
23. Soh S, Byrska M, Kandere-Grzybowska K, Grzybowski BA. Reaction-diffusion systems in intracellular molecular transport and control. Angew Chem Int Ed 49:4170-4198, 2010.
24. Lee JS, Mayes MS, Stromer MH, Scanes CG, Jeftinija S, Anderson LL. Number of secretory vesicles in growth hormone cells of the pituitary remains unchanged after secretion. Exp Biol Med 229:632–639, 2004.
25. Anderson LL, Scanes CG. Nanobiology and physiology of growth hormone secretion. Exp Biol Med 237:126–142, 2012.
GO BACK to the 2014, July-September issue
GO BACK to DISCOVERIES
MEET OUR EDITORIAL BOARD
SUBMIT A MANUSCRIPT
Email us at info@discoveriesjournals.org if you have any questions.
News & Events Latest news from Discoveries
- 2022, April| AWARDS!
2022 Discoveries Award winning articles!
- Kinal Bhatt et al. 2021 (Larking Health System, FL, USA); Bhatt K, Agolli A, Patel MH, et al. High mortality co-infections of COVID-19 patients: mucormycosis and other fungal infections. Discoveries. 2021;9(1):e126.
27 citations in the past 1 year - $1000 prize- Hasnain Jan et al. 2020 (Quaid-i-Azam University, Pakistan); Jan H, Faisal S, Khan A, et al. COVID-19: Review of Epidemiology and Potential Treatments Against 2019 Novel Coronavirus. Discoveries. 2020;8(2):e108.
23 citations in the past 2 years - $400 prizeCongratulations! Prizes will be received by the awardees in July 2022!
- 2021, July| 2021, Jul-September
Due to the high volume of the submitted articles, both Discoveries and Discoveries Reports are experiencing processing and publication delays during the months of July-September 2021. We will get back to the normal processing and publication times starting in October 2021. Note that our editorial and administrativ work is fully funded by our publishing house at this time and we are striving to KEEP THE NO FEE/NO CHARGE strategy in place as long as possible.
- 2021, January| AWARDS!
2022 DISCOVERIES AWARDS! Discoveries will offer $1000 and $400 awards in early 2022, for the most cited (2021 ISI Citations) and visible articles published in 2018-2021.
- 2020, November| Follow us on Twitter!
You can now follow the latest Discoveries news and updates on Twitter! (@DiscoveriesNews)
- 2020, August| For Authors!
Due to a high volume of article submissions, our peer-review process takes more than usual. The pre-screening decision is released in 1-2 days, while the peer-review process lasts between 10 and 20 days.
- 2020, April | For Authors!
WE DO NOT TOLERATE ANY MISCONDUCT! Please be aware that we are testing all received articles with specialized software for PLAGIARISM and WE WILL TAKE MEASURES if your article is already published or in consideration for publication by other journals! This may result in serious professional consequences for the authors. The latest striking case is the following article which is already published and was re-submitted here.
- 2020, April | For Authors!
We are happy to let you know that all articles published in Discoveries are now included in PubMedCentral (PMC). New accepted articles will be included in PMC and PubMed within 1-2 weeks after their publication.
- 2020, January | For Authors!
Starting in January 2020, Discoveries will also consider articles submitted by Discoveries' Editorial Board members. However, only a small number of such articles (maximum 4 articles/year) will be considered for publication after the peer-review process, and the authors who are also our editors will be clearly disclosed on our website.
- 2019, September | Indexed by PMC
Discoveries is now indexed by PubMedCentral and Pubmed. The agreement with US National Library of Medicine was signed on September 10, 2019. Our next step is ISI Web of Science indexing. NOTE: previously published articles will be included on PubMed in early 2020.
- 2019, September | PubMed inclusion!
We are happy to let you know that Discoveries successfuly passed the last step (Technical Review) required for PubMedCentral and PubMed inclusion!
- 2019, July | PubMed inclusion News!
We are happy to receive positive comments from PMC/NLM-NIH regarding Discoveries' last step (Technical Review) required for PubMedCentral and PubMed inclusion. We will let you know once whole indexing process is completed.
- 2019| Sharing and Distribution!
All articles published in Discoveries are Open Access articles distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and it is not used for commercial purposes.
- 2018-2019 | For Authors!
From now on and for at least 1 year, we will only accept articles from authors that are NOT members of Discoveries' Editorial Board. All articles submitted by our editors will be immediately rejected until further notice (one accepted article was already rejected).
- 2018 | PubMed inclusion News!
Discoveries successfully passed the Scientific Quality Review by NLM-NIH for PubMedCentral and PubMed indexing. This is the first and the most important step towards PubMedCentral and PubMed indexing! The second (last) step is the Technical Review.
- 2016, April | Faster Peer-Review
Starting on April 13th 2016, all articles selected for a peer-review will receive the post peer-review decision within ~10 days. The initial pre-screening time will remain the same (48h from the submission of the manuscript). This decision will significantly accelerate the publication, with no effect on the quality of the peer-review process.
- 2016, February | Manuscript submission
Discoveries is commited to excellence, quality and high editorial standards. We are receiving an increasing number of manuscripts for which the identity of the authors/corresponding author can't be verified. Please NOTE that ALL these articles were and will be immediately REJECTED. Indicating an institutional email address is the easiest way to overcome this problem! Moreover, we do not accept any pressure on our editorial board to accept a manuscript. This results in a prompt rejection of the article.
Editorial Policies - 2016, January | Main Objective
After reaching all proposed milestones until now (including being indexed by Google Scholar in 2014), Discoveries' next Aim is PubMed indexing of all its articles (already published and upcoming). There will be no charge for the submission or publication of articles before Discoveries is indexed.
- 2015, August | Discoveries - on PubMed
We are happy to announce that our first Discoveries articles were included in PMC and PubMed. More articles (submitted by NIH funded authors) are now processed for being included.
Discoveries articles now on PubMed - 2015, April | Special Issue
DISCOVERIES published the SPECIAL ISSUE entitled "INFLAMMATION BETWEEN DEFENSE AND DISEASE: Impact on Tissue Repair and Chronic Sickness".
Special Issue on "Inflammation" - 2015 | Ischemia Collection
DISCOVERIES launched a call for papers for a Collection of Articles with focus on "ISCHEMIA". If you are interested to submit a manuscript, please contact us at info@discoveriesjournals.org
- 2014, September | Special Issue
DISCOVERIES just publish the SPECIAL ISSUE entitled "CELL SECRETION & MEMBRANE FUSION" in September 2014. Initially scheduled for publication between October 2014-March 2015, this issue was successfully published earlier than scheduled.
Special Issue - 2014, April | Indexed by Google Scholar
All our published articles are now indexed by Google Scholar! First citations to Discoveries articles are included! Search for the article's title (recommended) or the authors:
Google Scholar Search - 2014 | DISCOVERIES
DOIs (Digital Object Identifiers) are now assigned to all our published manuscripts in Discoveries. DOI uniquely identifies an article and is provided by CrossRef.
CrossRef - 2013, July | Manuscript Submission
Submit your manuscript FREE, FAST and EASY ! (in less than 1 minute)! There are NO fees for the manuscript submission or publishing of the accepted manuscripts.
read more - 2013, July | DISCOVERIES
We are now ACCEPTING MANUSCRIPTS for publishing in DISCOVERIES. We aim publishing a small number of high impact experimental articles & reviews (around 40/year) to maintain a high impact factor. Domains of interest: all areas related to Medicine, Biology and Chemistry ...
read more